Orchestration 1: Instrumentation & Orchestration Basics
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Understanding the roots of the orchestra and how it has adapted over time gives us a powerful insight into its capabilities today.

Understand The 'Balance Of Power'
Learn to appreciate the sonic differences when the number of players in a section changes and how that, in turn, affects the balance of the orchestra in terms of the other sections.

Using The Clefs, Transposing, And The Written Score
You'll learn which instruments are written in which clefs, which need to transpose and how to produce a full score for concert and film scoring projects.

Introduction To Score Editors And Notation Programs
How to generate a written score using score editing software.

Discover The Construction, Playing Techniques, And Roles Of The Instruments
We'll take you 'section by section' and 'instrument by instrument' so you can get a feel of what each instrument is capable of, both in terms of its range, its tonality, and the roles it plays in the orchestra.

Understand How To Write For Each Orchestral Section
Now that you’ve learned how to idiomatically write for each instrument and section, now you’ll discover how to write for each section depending on the role that it’s taking. For example, how to write for violins when you need that soaring strings melody singing on top of the orchestra. Or how to make the cellos and basses provide a cinematic solid low end. How to harmonize trumpets and trombones for that climatic heroic motive. Or haw to arrange woods if we want to color a high strings melody. For each section, you’ll have supporting examples that you can listen to and follow along so you understand how each section performs when it’s performing a melody, countermelody, background, bass… and how it sounds different depending on the voicing, unison, or octaves. ',
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		'solution_title' => 'Master Your Orchestra',
		'solution_text' => '<p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Whether you’re producing an orchestral mock-up in a sequencer or writing for a group of real players, if you want to deliver an impressive sounding result you’ll need to have a sound understanding of the instruments you are writing for. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;"><br></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.38;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">And our ‘Instrumentation and Orchestration Basics’ is designed to give you exactly that. 
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Understanding the roots of the orchestra and how it has adapted over time gives us a powerful insight into its capabilities today.

Understand The 'Balance Of Power'
Learn to appreciate the sonic differences when the number of players in a section changes and how that, in turn, affects the balance of the orchestra in terms of the other sections.

Using The Clefs, Transposing, And The Written Score
You'll learn which instruments are written in which clefs, which need to transpose and how to produce a full score for concert and film scoring projects.

Introduction To Score Editors And Notation Programs
How to generate a written score using score editing software.

Discover The Construction, Playing Techniques, And Roles Of The Instruments
We'll take you 'section by section' and 'instrument by instrument' so you can get a feel of what each instrument is capable of, both in terms of its range, its tonality, and the roles it plays in the orchestra.

Understand How To Write For Each Orchestral Section
Now that you’ve learned how to idiomatically write for each instrument and section, now you’ll discover how to write for each section depending on the role that it’s taking. For example, how to write for violins when you need that soaring strings melody singing on top of the orchestra. Or how to make the cellos and basses provide a cinematic solid low end. How to harmonize trumpets and trombones for that climatic heroic motive. Or haw to arrange woods if we want to color a high strings melody. For each section, you’ll have supporting examples that you can listen to and follow along so you understand how each section performs when it’s performing a melody, countermelody, background, bass… and how it sounds different depending on the voicing, unison, or octaves. ',
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		'id' => (int) 3313,
		'name' => 'The Instruments: the Clarinet Family',
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		'content' => '<p>The clarinet, then followed by the rest of the family members, is the latest woodwind instrument introduced in the orchestra. Its invention is attributed to J. C. Denner who took the chalumeau –an instrument from the Baroque era– one step further by adding a register key to expand its range upwards. Like the chalumeau it is a single reed aerophone and it has a cylindrical bore.</p><p>All clarinets, unlike the other woodwind instruments, overblow at the twelfth, which together with a more drastic change between the two main registers, makes these instruments a little trickier to play. This change is always between the same written pitches: Bb3 (at the top of the chalumeau register) and B3 (at the bottom of the clarion register). The tricky thing here is that, whereas the B3 flat requires having all keys pressed (except the register key), the B3 need all holes open (and the register key closed<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">).</span></p><p>The clarinets are divided in five main parts: the mouthpiece (with the reed), the barrel joint, the upper joint, the lower joint and the bell<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">.</span></p><h5>[img=uploads/topics/clarinet-in-bb-chart-5958c3cf91b7f.png]Parts of the clarinet</h5><p><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><br></span></p><p>Since&nbsp;all clarinet&nbsp;read the same notes, all of them&nbsp;use the treble clef, not matter how low or high they are in the register.</p><p>Clarinets usually play in pairs in a good part of the repertoire being very common to find a third member (usually the bass or E flat clarinet) from the middle of the 19th century, and &nbsp;even more in 20th century’s scores<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">.</span></p><p><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><br></span></p><p><span style="color: inherit; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif; font-size: 30px;">Clarinet in B flat</span><br></p><p>Being the main instrument of the family, the clarinet is the woodwind with the widest and most consistent dynamic range. In fact it is capable of going from almost no sound (niente) to triple fortissimo with no effort in any note throughout the register<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">.</span></p><div><p>This instrument has also one of the purest sounds since its harmonic content is madeup almost exclusively by odd overtones. Even so it is an instrument with a rich sound throughout the whole register, being very versatile and agile with all sort of articulations from espressivo legatos to very precise staccatos.<br></p><p>The clarinet in Bb is a transposing instrument that sounds a major second below what is written, which means when a C &nbsp;is played a Bb will sound. It has four registers, from which the two main ones are separated by the register key (from concert pitch Ab to A):</p><p></p><p></p><ul><li><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Chalumeau: deep and mellow (D2-E3). Name after its ancestor.</span></li></ul><ul><li>Throat tones: dull and hard to control the tuning (F3-Ab3).</li></ul><ul><li>Clarion: bright and defined (A3-Bb4). Named after the clarino (Baroque trumpet).</li></ul><ul><li>Altissimo: shrill (C5-G5).</li></ul><p></p><p>[img=uploads/topics/instrument-ranges-clarinet-in-bb-a-0001-595a14509d812.png]<br></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>Additionally there is a very similar clarinet that is commonly used in the classical repertoire: the clarinet in A. It is not as popular in contemporary repertoire, recording sessions, and in most of the 20th century’s scores, but it is good to know it exists since it is still used in major orchestras as an auxiliary. It transposes a minor third below so its range, as well as it registers, are half step below the Bb clarinet. Sound wise it sounds almost identical to the Bb clarinet.</p><h5>[img=uploads/topics/clarinet-in-bb-and-a-5958b8071b34c.png]Clarinet in Bb and A</h5><p><br></p><p>Common functions of the clarinet in Bb and A are performing solos or counterpoints, doubling other woodwinds and string sections (probably the best blending with the strings along with the bassoon), it is excellent doing runs in combination with other woodwinds or by its own, as well as part of chordal textures.</p><h5><span style="font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; font-family: Lato;">[vzaar=11922910]</span></h5>
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<br><p><br></p><h2>Eb Clarinet</h2><p>The Eb clarinet is the upwards extension of the clarinet family. It has a brighter and more penetrating sound than the Bb and, although its best register is the higher register, the low register is also worth use.</p><p>It transposes up a minor third having a register a forth above the clarinet in B flat (G2-C6). As with the main clarinet it has four registers. In its upper register it requires more effort to play so resting often is advisable. It is also as versatile and agile as the original clarinet as far as dynamics and articulations except for the last notes in the upper register, where it is harder to play piano.</p><p>[img=uploads/topics/instrument-ranges-clarinet-in-eb-0001-595a12b5aa58f.png]<br></p><p>This instrument is commonly used as soloist in its upper half of the register, to double other instrument/s at the octave or double octave, to make counterpoints, as well as for runs alone or in combination with other woodwinds.</p><h5>[img=uploads/topics/clarinet-in-eb-5958b65799453.png]Clarinet in Eb</h5><p>[vzaar=12526046]
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</div><p></p><p><br></p><h2>Bass Clarinet</h2><p>One of the downward extensions of the regular clarinet, and definitely the most common, the bass clarinet is an instrument with a very rich, deep and complex sound. As its smaller brothers it is very versatile and agile in terms of dynamics and clarity of articulation, although slightly less precise with short notes.</p><p>It transposes a major 9th below, and although some bass clarinets just go down to the Eb1 most professional instruments start at the bottom C1 and go up to the D4. This doesn’t mean that it is good throughout all its register: the bass clarinet sounds at its best in the chalumeau register (up to the Eb3), but from the E3 and up it is hard to produce notes.</p><p>[img=uploads/topics/instrument-ranges-bass-clarinet-0001-595a12c70bd3e.png]<br></p><p>The bass clarinet is often found as a soloist in its lowest register; doubling at the octave or unison other woodwinds like the English horn, bassoon or contrabassoon; doing counterpoints; or being part of chordal textures.</p><p>[img=uploads/topics/bass-clarinet-5958b6714879f.png]Bass clarinet</p><p>[vzaar=12516291]
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Understanding the roots of the orchestra and how it has adapted over time gives us a powerful insight into its capabilities today.

Understand The 'Balance Of Power'
Learn to appreciate the sonic differences when the number of players in a section changes and how that, in turn, affects the balance of the orchestra in terms of the other sections.

Using The Clefs, Transposing, And The Written Score
You'll learn which instruments are written in which clefs, which need to transpose and how to produce a full score for concert and film scoring projects.

Introduction To Score Editors And Notation Programs
How to generate a written score using score editing software.

Discover The Construction, Playing Techniques, And Roles Of The Instruments
We'll take you 'section by section' and 'instrument by instrument' so you can get a feel of what each instrument is capable of, both in terms of its range, its tonality, and the roles it plays in the orchestra.

Understand How To Write For Each Orchestral Section
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Understanding the roots of the orchestra and how it has adapted over time gives us a powerful insight into its capabilities today.

Understand The 'Balance Of Power'
Learn to appreciate the sonic differences when the number of players in a section changes and how that, in turn, affects the balance of the orchestra in terms of the other sections.

Using The Clefs, Transposing, And The Written Score
You'll learn which instruments are written in which clefs, which need to transpose and how to produce a full score for concert and film scoring projects.

Introduction To Score Editors And Notation Programs
How to generate a written score using score editing software.

Discover The Construction, Playing Techniques, And Roles Of The Instruments
We'll take you 'section by section' and 'instrument by instrument' so you can get a feel of what each instrument is capable of, both in terms of its range, its tonality, and the roles it plays in the orchestra.

Understand How To Write For Each Orchestral Section
Now that you’ve learned how to idiomatically write for each instrument and section, now you’ll discover how to write for each section depending on the role that it’s taking. For example, how to write for violins when you need that soaring strings melody singing on top of the orchestra. Or how to make the cellos and basses provide a cinematic solid low end. How to harmonize trumpets and trombones for that climatic heroic motive. Or haw to arrange woods if we want to color a high strings melody. For each section, you’ll have supporting examples that you can listen to and follow along so you understand how each section performs when it’s performing a melody, countermelody, background, bass… and how it sounds different depending on the voicing, unison, or octaves. ',
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	'name' => 'The Instruments: the Clarinet Family',
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	'content' => '<p>The clarinet, then followed by the rest of the family members, is the latest woodwind instrument introduced in the orchestra. Its invention is attributed to J. C. Denner who took the chalumeau –an instrument from the Baroque era– one step further by adding a register key to expand its range upwards. Like the chalumeau it is a single reed aerophone and it has a cylindrical bore.</p><p>All clarinets, unlike the other woodwind instruments, overblow at the twelfth, which together with a more drastic change between the two main registers, makes these instruments a little trickier to play. This change is always between the same written pitches: Bb3 (at the top of the chalumeau register) and B3 (at the bottom of the clarion register). The tricky thing here is that, whereas the B3 flat requires having all keys pressed (except the register key), the B3 need all holes open (and the register key closed<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">).</span></p><p>The clarinets are divided in five main parts: the mouthpiece (with the reed), the barrel joint, the upper joint, the lower joint and the bell<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">.</span></p><h5>[img=uploads/topics/clarinet-in-bb-chart-5958c3cf91b7f.png]Parts of the clarinet</h5><p><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><br></span></p><p>Since&nbsp;all clarinet&nbsp;read the same notes, all of them&nbsp;use the treble clef, not matter how low or high they are in the register.</p><p>Clarinets usually play in pairs in a good part of the repertoire being very common to find a third member (usually the bass or E flat clarinet) from the middle of the 19th century, and &nbsp;even more in 20th century’s scores<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">.</span></p><p><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><br></span></p><p><span style="color: inherit; font-family: 'Source Sans Pro', sans-serif; font-size: 30px;">Clarinet in B flat</span><br></p><p>Being the main instrument of the family, the clarinet is the woodwind with the widest and most consistent dynamic range. In fact it is capable of going from almost no sound (niente) to triple fortissimo with no effort in any note throughout the register<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">.</span></p><div><p>This instrument has also one of the purest sounds since its harmonic content is madeup almost exclusively by odd overtones. Even so it is an instrument with a rich sound throughout the whole register, being very versatile and agile with all sort of articulations from espressivo legatos to very precise staccatos.<br></p><p>The clarinet in Bb is a transposing instrument that sounds a major second below what is written, which means when a C &nbsp;is played a Bb will sound. It has four registers, from which the two main ones are separated by the register key (from concert pitch Ab to A):</p><p></p><p></p><ul><li><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Chalumeau: deep and mellow (D2-E3). Name after its ancestor.</span></li></ul><ul><li>Throat tones: dull and hard to control the tuning (F3-Ab3).</li></ul><ul><li>Clarion: bright and defined (A3-Bb4). Named after the clarino (Baroque trumpet).</li></ul><ul><li>Altissimo: shrill (C5-G5).</li></ul><p></p><p>[img=uploads/topics/instrument-ranges-clarinet-in-bb-a-0001-595a14509d812.png]<br></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>Additionally there is a very similar clarinet that is commonly used in the classical repertoire: the clarinet in A. It is not as popular in contemporary repertoire, recording sessions, and in most of the 20th century’s scores, but it is good to know it exists since it is still used in major orchestras as an auxiliary. It transposes a minor third below so its range, as well as it registers, are half step below the Bb clarinet. Sound wise it sounds almost identical to the Bb clarinet.</p><h5>[img=uploads/topics/clarinet-in-bb-and-a-5958b8071b34c.png]Clarinet in Bb and A</h5><p><br></p><p>Common functions of the clarinet in Bb and A are performing solos or counterpoints, doubling other woodwinds and string sections (probably the best blending with the strings along with the bassoon), it is excellent doing runs in combination with other woodwinds or by its own, as well as part of chordal textures.</p><h5><span style="font-size: 17px; letter-spacing: 0.1px; font-family: Lato;">[vzaar=11922910]</span></h5>
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<br><p><br></p><h2>Eb Clarinet</h2><p>The Eb clarinet is the upwards extension of the clarinet family. It has a brighter and more penetrating sound than the Bb and, although its best register is the higher register, the low register is also worth use.</p><p>It transposes up a minor third having a register a forth above the clarinet in B flat (G2-C6). As with the main clarinet it has four registers. In its upper register it requires more effort to play so resting often is advisable. It is also as versatile and agile as the original clarinet as far as dynamics and articulations except for the last notes in the upper register, where it is harder to play piano.</p><p>[img=uploads/topics/instrument-ranges-clarinet-in-eb-0001-595a12b5aa58f.png]<br></p><p>This instrument is commonly used as soloist in its upper half of the register, to double other instrument/s at the octave or double octave, to make counterpoints, as well as for runs alone or in combination with other woodwinds.</p><h5>[img=uploads/topics/clarinet-in-eb-5958b65799453.png]Clarinet in Eb</h5><p>[vzaar=12526046]
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</div><p></p><p><br></p><h2>Bass Clarinet</h2><p>One of the downward extensions of the regular clarinet, and definitely the most common, the bass clarinet is an instrument with a very rich, deep and complex sound. As its smaller brothers it is very versatile and agile in terms of dynamics and clarity of articulation, although slightly less precise with short notes.</p><p>It transposes a major 9th below, and although some bass clarinets just go down to the Eb1 most professional instruments start at the bottom C1 and go up to the D4. This doesn’t mean that it is good throughout all its register: the bass clarinet sounds at its best in the chalumeau register (up to the Eb3), but from the E3 and up it is hard to produce notes.</p><p>[img=uploads/topics/instrument-ranges-bass-clarinet-0001-595a12c70bd3e.png]<br></p><p>The bass clarinet is often found as a soloist in its lowest register; doubling at the octave or unison other woodwinds like the English horn, bassoon or contrabassoon; doing counterpoints; or being part of chordal textures.</p><p>[img=uploads/topics/bass-clarinet-5958b6714879f.png]Bass clarinet</p><p>[vzaar=12516291]
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		'id' => (int) 3312,
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		'content' => '<p>Descendants from the shawm, a medieval and Renaissance era instrument with a double reed, the oboes have been a part of the orchestra from very early in its history. Unlike its predecessor it is divided into four parts: the reed, the upper joint, the lower joint, and the bell.</p><h5>[img=uploads/topics/oboe-chart-5958bda0be718.png]Parts of the oboe</h5><p><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><br></span></p><p>This section is most commonly found playing in pairs (of regular oboes) in most of the Baroque and Classical repertoire, although since the middle of the 19th century it was extended to three members (including the third on the English horn), or even four or five in some scores from the 20th century<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">.</span></p><p><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;"><br></span></p><h2><span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">Oboe</span></h2><p>With a very particular and nasal sound this is the instrument in the orchestra that, with the French horn, has the most unstable performance. The reason for that is the nature of its reed. Every professional oboist has to make his or her own reeds and, on top of that, any change in humidity, temperature, or other atmospheric condition can affect a lot to the performance of this small piece.<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">&nbsp;</span></p><p>The oboe, as most woodwinds, is quite agile and, since it needs a very slow air flow for producing sound, &nbsp;can hold long phrases easier than any other woodwind.</p><p>Its register goes from Bb2 to A5. As opposed to the flute family, it sounds louder –as well as very nasal and open– in its lower register, and weaker as soon as it gets close to the upper end –as well as hard to control–. The best register goes from F3 to C5, both for sound quality and ease of control, and it always&nbsp;<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">reads in treble clef.</span></p><p>[img=uploads/topics/instrument-ranges-oboe-0001-595a119df1461.png]<br></p><p>Typical uses of the oboe include performing solos, counterpoints, doubling other woodwinds, and being part of chordal textures and runs with other woodwinds. When used with a violin section, it provides them with more edge and dynamic<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">.</span></p><p>[vzaar=12526174]
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<br><p></p><p><br></p><h2>English horn</h2><p>Very popular in the orchestra since the middle of the 19th century, the English horn is an instrument that extends the register of the oboe family downwards an augmented 4th. As its higher relative its sound is nasal, but with a warmer and rounder quality. Regarding its appearance, it is bigger than the oboe, and it has a bulb-shaped bell.</p><p>The English horn transposes a fifth below, having a register from E2 to C5. Unlike the oboe it sounds rich in its lower octave, losing in its higher octave its sound quality<span style="letter-spacing: 0.1px;">. As the oboe, it also only reads in treble clef.</span></p><p>[img=uploads/topics/instrument-ranges-english-horn-0001-595a11a8e8f74.png]<br></p><p>This instrument is commonly used for solos, counterpoints, as well as for doubling other woodwinds or string sections –specially the violas and cellos–, but also as part of chordal textures and, less often, also runs.</p><h5>[img=uploads/topics/english-horn-5958b62869b20.png]English horn</h5><p>[vzaar=12526023]<br></p>
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		'content' => '<p>The bassoon, or previously its ancestor the dulcian, is an instrument that was used in the orchestra since the oboes were introduced in the Baroque period.</p><p>The bassoon is divided into five parts: the bell joint, bass joint, boot joint, tenor joint, and the&nbsp;<span class="">bocal</span>.</p><h5>[img=uploads/topics/bassoon-chart-5958c623f05d1.png]Parts of the bassoon</h5><p>Since its introduction in the orchestra the bassoon was mostly used in pairs, being extended in the middle of the 19th century to three members (having the third on the contrabassoon), or going beyond to the four or five members in some scores of the 20th century.</p><p><br></p><h2>Bassoon</h2><p>The bassoon is the bass of the woodwind family. It has a very mellow and warm sound, good both for legato and staccato passages, and like most of the woodwinds, it is very agile. Since it is very easy for its sound to get muffled and absorbed by other instruments, it is important to soften the accompaniment when is featured.</p><p>It is written in bass clef, and tenor clef when it exceeds a reasonable number of ledger lines. Its register goes from the Bb0 to around the Eb4, being pretty difficult to get soft dynamics in the bottom 5th, or presence in the upper extreme.</p><h5>[img=uploads/topics/instrument-ranges-bassoon-0001-595a14de6abcb.png]</h5><p>Normal functions of the bassoon are to support the cellos and basses –being absorbed by them but providing body–, to perform solo or counterpoint passages, staccato passages, or doubling other woodwinds.</p><p>[vzaar=12516365]
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<br><p></p><p><br></p><h2>Contrabassoon</h2><p>The contrabassoon is the only downward extension that the bassoon has. It is buzzy due to the extremely slow vibrations it produces, but at the same time, it provides a solid foundation for the woodwind section. It has the ability to do good legatos and staccatos but, since it is a considerably bigger and cumbersome instrument, it takes some time to perform agile articulations like staccatos.</p><p>Its register goes an octave below the bassoon at the bottom end (Bb-1), going up to the Bb2 at the top. It is written in bass clef although it transposes an octave below from what is written. The register where it gets more characteristic is the bottom octave and a half, being also possible to go upwards but without any big advantage. In the higher register the contrabassoon sounds like a regular bassoon but without the character of its smaller relative.</p><h5>[img=uploads/topics/instrument-ranges-contrabassoon-0001-595a14e8db677.png]</h5><p>Its function in the orchestra is providing a deep bass for the chords in the woodwinds, doubling cellos and contrabasses, and, rarely, &nbsp;having a small solo.</p><h5>[img=uploads/topics/contrabassoon-5958b8df45512.png]Contrabassoon</h5><p>[vzaar=12516740]
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The Instruments: the Clarinet Family

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The Woodwind Section

The Instruments: the Clarinet Family

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